# Ternary Plots¶

[1]:

import poisson_approval as pa
from fractions import Fraction


## SimplexToProfile¶

Poisson Approval relies on the package python-ternary to draw plots on the simplex of $$\mathbb{R}^3$$. The coordinates of a point are denoted right, top and left because they are respectively equal to 1 at the right, top and left corners of the triangular figure. They typically represent shares of different types in a profile. In order to draw plots, we need a SimplexToProfile object that will generate the needed profiles:

[2]:

simplex_to_profile = pa.SimplexToProfile(
pa.ProfileNoisyDiscrete,
right_type='c>a~b',
top_type=('abc', 0.5, 0.01),
left_type=('bac', 0.5, 0.01),
d_type_fixed_share={('abc', 0.1, 0.01): Fraction(1, 10),
('abc', 0.9, 0.01): Fraction(1, 10)}
)


The above syntax defines a function simplex_to_profile that maps a tuple (right, top, left) to a profile defined as:

• The class of profile is ProfileNoisyDiscrete,
• A fixed share 1/10 of voters are of type $$(abc, 0.1, 0.01)$$, and a fixed share 1/10 of voters are of type $$(abc, 0.9, 0.01)$$,
• The other voters, i.e. a share 8/10, are distributed between right_type, top_type and left_type, in respective proportions that are given by the input tuple (right, top, left).

For example:

[3]:

simplex_to_profile(right=Fraction(17, 80), top=Fraction(52, 80), left=Fraction(11, 80))

[3]:

<abc 0.1 ± 0.01: 1/10, abc 0.5 ± 0.01: 13/25, abc 0.9 ± 0.01: 1/10, bac 0.5 ± 0.01: 11/100, c>a~b: 17/100> (Condorcet winner: a)


## Scale¶

All the plots require a resolution parameter called scale. For example, if scale=10, then the simplex is divided into cells of diameter 1/10 and the value of the plotted function is computed at the center of each cell. For more information, cf. the documentation of the package python-ternary. In this tutorial, we define a global parameter SCALE and we will use it for all the plots.

[4]:

SCALE = 21


## Number of Equilibria¶

By default, the function ternary_plot_n_equilibria computes the ordinal equilibria, i.e. those where all voters having the same ranking cast the same ballot:

[5]:

pa.ternary_plot_n_equilibria(
simplex_to_profile,
scale=SCALE,
title='Number of ordinal equilibria')

[5]:

(<Figure size 504x360 with 2 Axes>, TernaryAxesSubplot: -9223371932492910932)


Using the option meth, you can investigate other kinds of equilibria:

[6]:

pa.ternary_plot_n_equilibria(
simplex_to_profile,
scale=SCALE,
title='Number of group equilibria',
meth='analyzed_strategies_group')

[6]:

(<Figure size 504x360 with 2 Axes>, TernaryAxesSubplot: -9223371932492938531)


Depending on the class of profile, the possible values of the option meth may be:

• analyzed_strategies_ordinal (the default),
• analyzed_strategies_group (for profiles where a reasonable notion of group is defined, such as ProfileNoisyDiscrete),
• analyzed_strategies_pure (for discrete profiles such as ProfileDiscrete or ProfileTwelve).

## Winners at Equilibrium¶

The function ternary_plot_n_equilibria works similarly:

[7]:

pa.ternary_plot_winners_at_equilibrium(
simplex_to_profile,
scale=SCALE,
title='Winners in ordinal equilibria')

[7]:

(<Figure size 360x360 with 1 Axes>, TernaryAxesSubplot: -9223371932492362026)

[8]:

pa.ternary_plot_winners_at_equilibrium(
simplex_to_profile,
scale=SCALE,
title='Winners in group equilibria',
legend_title='Winners',
meth='analyzed_strategies_group')

[8]:

(<Figure size 360x360 with 1 Axes>, TernaryAxesSubplot: 104360752034)


## Winning Frequencies in Fictitious Play or Iterated Voting¶

By default, the function ternary_plot_winning_frequencies computes the winning frequencies in fictitious play, with an initialization in sincere strategy, and with all update ratios in $$1 / (t + 1)$$:

[9]:

pa.ternary_plot_winning_frequencies(simplex_to_profile, scale=SCALE, n_max_episodes=100)

[9]:

(<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>, TernaryAxesSubplot: 104362733183)


You can change this behavior with the optional parameters of the function:

[10]:

pa.ternary_plot_winning_frequencies(
simplex_to_profile,
scale=SCALE,
meth='iterated_voting',
init='random_tau_undominated',
samples_per_point=10,
perception_update_ratio=1,
ballot_update_ratio=1,
winning_frequency_update_ratio=pa.one_over_t,
n_max_episodes=100,
title='Winning frequencies in iterated voting',
legend_title='Winners'
)

d:\github\poisson_approval\poisson_approval\tau_vector\TauVector.py:183: UserWarning: Warning: the input is not normalized, I will normalize it. If you use floats, consider using fractions. To disable this warning, use the parameter normalization_warning=False.
warnings.warn(NORMALIZATION_WARNING)

[10]:

(<Figure size 360x360 with 2 Axes>, TernaryAxesSubplot: 104363078748)


## Customize the Plot¶

Grid and lines:

[11]:

figure, tax = pa.ternary_figure()
tax.gridlines_simplex(multiple=0.1)
tax.horizontal_line_simplex(0.1)
tax.left_parallel_line_simplex(0.2)
tax.right_parallel_line_simplex(0.3)
tax.line_simplex((1, 0, 0), (0.2, 0.5, 0.3))


Titles and annotations:

[12]:

figure, tax = pa.ternary_figure()
tax.set_title_padded('The title of the figure')
tax.right_corner_label('The right label')
tax.top_corner_label('The top label')
tax.left_corner_label('The left label')
tax.annotate_simplex('An annotation', (0.33, 0.33, 0.33))


## Advanced Intensity Heat Maps¶

First, define a function that maps a point of the simplex to a number:

[13]:

def f(right, top, left):
return (right**2 + top) / (left + 1)


Then use the method heatmap_intensity:

[14]:

figure, tax = pa.ternary_figure(scale=SCALE)
tax.heatmap_intensity(f,
left_label='left',
right_label='right',
top_label='top')
tax.set_title_padded('An intensity heat map')


## Advanced Candidate Heat Maps¶

First, define a function that maps a point of the simplex to a array of size 3 (associated with candidates a, b, c):

[15]:

def g(right, top, left):
a = top**.5
b = left**2
c = 1 - a - b
return [a, b, c]


Then use the method heatmap_candidates:

[16]:

figure, tax = pa.ternary_figure(scale=SCALE)
tax.heatmap_candidates(g,
left_label='left',
right_label='right',
top_label='top',
legend_title='Candidates',
legend_style='palette')
tax.set_title_padded('A candidate heat map')